The use of Palm Oil to mitigate stress in the African Sharptooth Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) during transportation

normal">TABLE
OF CONTENT

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………………...................................i

line-height:150%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">CERTIFICATION
…………………………………………………………................................. ii

line-height:150%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">DECLARATION………………………………………………………………............................iii

line-height:150%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">DEDICATION………………………………………………………………...............................iv

line-height:150%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
…………………………………………………................................ v

line-height:150%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">TABLE OF CONTENT
…………………………………………………….................................vi

line-height:150%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">LIST OF TABLES
…………………………………………………………................................ x

line-height:150%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">LIST OF PLATES
…………………………………………………………................................ xi

line-height:150%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">ABSTRACT
………………………………………………………………..................................xi

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">

CHAPTER
ONE

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">1.0
INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………............................1

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">1.1 JUSTIFICATION
……………………………………......................................................4

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">1.2 AIM OF
STUDY ……………………………………………………...............................5

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">1.3 OBJECTIVES
OF THE STUDY ……………………………………................................5

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">1.4 NULL
HYPOTHESES (H_o) ...……………………………………….................................5

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">1.5 LITERATURE
REVIEW ......................................................................................................6

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">1.5.1 STRESS
IN FISH........................................
.......................................................................6

font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">1.5.2 ACUTE
AND CHRONIC STRESS IN CATFISH...............................................................9

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">1.6 MUCUS
PRODUCTION IN Clarias gariepinus.....................................................................9

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">1.6.1 COMPOSITION
OF FISH MUCUS..................................................................................10

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">1.6.1.1 Mucins..................................................................................................................,.............10

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">1.6.1.2 Innate
Immune Components
................................................................................................10

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">1.6.1.3 Enzymes
..............................................................................................................................11

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">1.6.2 SITES
OF MUCUS PRODUCTION IN Clarias gariepinus...................................................12

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">1.6.3 FUNCTIONS
OF MUCUS IN

normal">Clarias gariepinus.................................................................12

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">1.6.4 STRESS
AND ITS EFFECTS IN Clarias gariepinus..............................................................13

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">1.7 BRIEF
HISTORY OF PALM OIL (Elaeis guineensis).............................................................15

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">1.7.1 Biological
And Chemical Composition Of Palm Oil Elaeis
guineensis .......................................15

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">1.7.1.1 Fatty
Acids ...........................................................................................................................16

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">1.7.1.2 CAROTENES.......................................................................................................................16

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">1.7.1.3 Anti-Oxidants ........................................................................................................................16

CHAPTER
TWO

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.0 MATERIALS
AND METHODS …………………………………........................................17

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.1 MORPHOLOGY,
DISTRIBUTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF Clarias
gariepius..............17

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.1.1 CLASSIFICATION
OF Clarias gariepius
...............................................................................18

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.2 THE
PALM OIL USED (Elaeis guineensis)…………………………………...........................20

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.3 PHYTOCHEMICAL
SCREENING OF PALM OIL ..............................................................20

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.3.1 Alkaloids..................................................................................................................................20

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.3.2 Cardiac
Glycosides...................................................................................................................20

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.3.3 Steroids....................................................................................................................................20

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.3.4 Flavonoids................................................................................................................................20

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.3.5 Tannins......................................................................................................................................21

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.3.6 Anthraquinones
…………………………………..............…...................................................21

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.3.7 Carbohydrates
..........................................................................................................................21

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.3.8 Saponin
....................................................................................................................................21

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.3.9 Terpenoids
...............................................................................................................................22

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.4 SOURCE
OF THE EXPERIMENTAL FISH............................................................................22

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.4.1 Source
Of Water And Loading The Experimental Fish................................................................22

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.4.2 Experimental
Design...................................................................................................................22

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.4.3 Fish
Acclimatization ...................................................................................................................22

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.5 EXPERIMENTAL
PROCEDURES ...........................................................................................23

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.5.1 The
Various Concentration of E. guineensis
used on Different Age Groups of C. gariepinus
.............................................................................................................................................................25

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.5.2 Determination
of Treatment’s Concentration ..................................................................
............27

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.5.3 Collection
Of Water For Physico-Chemical Analysis .................................................................
29

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.5.3.1 Water
Temperature ...................................................................................................................29

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.5.3.2 Dissolved
Oxygen (DO) ............................................................................................................29

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.5.3.3 Free
Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) ......................................................................................................30

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.5.3.4
pH..............................................................................................................................................30

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.5.3.5 Alkalinity
....................................................................................................................................31

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.6 BLEEDING
THE EXPERIMENTAL FISH .................................................................................31

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.7 BIOCHEMICAL
PROCEDURES FOR SERA SAMPLES .........................................................31

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.7.1 Direct
Bilirubin (DB) .....................................................................................................................31

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.7.2 Total
Bilirubin (TB)........................................................................................................................32

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.7.3 Protocol
for Albumin (ALB) .........................................................................................................32

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.7.4 Protocol
for Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) .................................................................................33

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.7.5 Protocol
for Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) .............................................................................33

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.7.6 Protocol
for Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ......................................................................................34

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">2.8 STATISTICAL
ANALYSIS ..........................................................................................................35

CHAPTER
THREE

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">3.0 RESULTS
....................................................................................................................................
36

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">3.1 PHYTOCHEMICAL
SCREENING OF PALM OIL (Elaeis guineensis)
........................................38

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">3.2 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS OF WATER TO DETERMINE STRESS RESPONSES

" times="" new="" roman","serif""=""> IN FINGERLINGS OF Clarias gariepinus
INITIAL AND FINAL RESULTS OF AGITATION...39

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">3.3 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS OF WATER TO DETERMINE STRESS RESPONSES

" times="" new="" roman","serif""=""> IN JUVENILES OF Clarias gariepinus
INITIAL AND FINAL RESULTS OF
AGITATION..........40

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">3.4 PHYSICO-CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS OF WATER TO DETERMINE STRESS RESPONSES

" times="" new="" roman","serif""=""> IN ADULTS OF Clarias gariepinus
INITIAL AND FINAL RESULTS OF AGITATION
...............41

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">3.5 ENZYME
PROFILE/ PROTEIN ANALYSIS OF SERA SAMPLES

" times="" new="" roman","serif""=""> OF FINGERLINGS OF

normal">Clarias gariepinus ......................................................................................42

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">3.6 ENZYME
PROFILE/ PROTEIN ANALYSIS OF SERA SAMPLES

" times="" new="" roman","serif""=""> OF JUVENILES OF

normal">Clarias gariepinus ............................................................................................43

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">3.7 ENZYME
PROFILE/ PROTEIN ANALYSIS OF SERA SAMPLES

" times="" new="" roman","serif""=""> OF ADULTS OF

normal">Clarias gariepinus ..................................................................................................44

CHAPTER
FOUR

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">4.0 DISCUSSION,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION………………………. ................45

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">4.1 DISCUSSION
.................................................................................................................................45

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">4.2 CONCLUSION
...............................................................................................................................52

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">4.3 RECOMMENDATION
....................................................................................................................53

" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">REFERENCES
...........................................................................................................................................54

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APA

7oH5KRN5c0010af257464.09973817, C. (2018). The use of Palm Oil to mitigate stress in the African Sharptooth Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) during transportation. Afribary. Retrieved from https://beta.afribary.com/works/the-use-of-palm-oil-to-mitigate-stress-in-the-african-sharptooth-catfish-clarias-gariepinus-during-transportation-9591

MLA 8th

7oH5KRN5c0010af257464.09973817, CMTMdIA5c0010af24cee7.43428258 "The use of Palm Oil to mitigate stress in the African Sharptooth Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) during transportation" Afribary. Afribary, 29 Jan. 2018, https://beta.afribary.com/works/the-use-of-palm-oil-to-mitigate-stress-in-the-african-sharptooth-catfish-clarias-gariepinus-during-transportation-9591. Accessed 24 Apr. 2025.

MLA7

7oH5KRN5c0010af257464.09973817, CMTMdIA5c0010af24cee7.43428258 . "The use of Palm Oil to mitigate stress in the African Sharptooth Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) during transportation". Afribary, Afribary, 29 Jan. 2018. Web. 24 Apr. 2025. < https://beta.afribary.com/works/the-use-of-palm-oil-to-mitigate-stress-in-the-african-sharptooth-catfish-clarias-gariepinus-during-transportation-9591 >.

Chicago

7oH5KRN5c0010af257464.09973817, CMTMdIA5c0010af24cee7.43428258 . "The use of Palm Oil to mitigate stress in the African Sharptooth Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) during transportation" Afribary (2018). Accessed April 24, 2025. https://beta.afribary.com/works/the-use-of-palm-oil-to-mitigate-stress-in-the-african-sharptooth-catfish-clarias-gariepinus-during-transportation-9591

The use of Palm Oil to mitigate stress in the African Sharptooth Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) during transportation

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