Antibiogram types of staphylococcus aureus isolated from the nostrils of healthy students in Eguare secondary school, ekpoma, edo state. Nigeria.

normal"> vertical-align:baseline">ABSTRACT

mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-ansi-language:
EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;vertical-align:baseline">        40 nasal samples were collected from apparently
healthy males students at Eguare Secondary School, Ekpoma, whose ages fell
within the ranges of 15-20 years were  selected and screened for normal">Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans using Mannitol Salt
Agar and Sabouraud dextrose agar respectively. A total of 15 (37.5%) samples
were positive of S. aureus while no growth was observed for Candida normal">albicans . The disk diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) on nutrient agar
was used to assess the sensitivity of isolated normal">S. aureus. The antibiogram typing shows that strain 7777777 was
most sensitive to all the antibiotic used while the most resistant strain was
1173674. The isolates were all sensitive to, Gentamycin, Ciproxin, peflaxin,
Ofloxacin and Ceftriaxone all having a susceptibility rate of 100% while
Zinnacef (6.7%), and Ampicillin (33.3%) showed highest resistant rate.  This study has been able to demonstrate a resolving
power strain susceptibility as well as delineation and there is need for
frequent study of Staphylococcus aureus carriage in educational
institutions to minimize the rate of spread of respiratory tract and skin
infection, so as to maintain a healthy institution.

normal"> vertical-align:baseline">TABLE OF CONTENT

150%"> vertical-align:baseline">TITLE PAGE………………………………………………………………..i

150%"> vertical-align:baseline">ACKNOWLEDGMENT…………………………………………………... iii

150%"> vertical-align:baseline">DEDICATION…………………………………………………………….. iv

150%"> vertical-align:baseline">CERTIFICATION…………………………………………………………..v

150%"> vertical-align:baseline">TABLE OF CONTENT…………………………………………………..... vi

150%"> vertical-align:baseline">LIST OF TABLES………………………………………...………………. viii

150%"> vertical-align:baseline">ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………...ix

115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";vertical-align:baseline">CHAPTER  ONE

mso-add-space:auto"> "Times New Roman","serif";vertical-align:baseline">1.0 Introduction and
literature review (Staphylococcus aureus)…………………1

text-indent:0in;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"> mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";vertical-align:baseline">1.0.1   
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";vertical-align:baseline">Historical
background………………………………………………..2

text-indent:0in;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"> mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";vertical-align:baseline">1.0.2   
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";vertical-align:baseline">Classification…………………………………………………………4

text-indent:0in;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"> mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";vertical-align:baseline">1.0.3   
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";vertical-align:baseline">Epidemiology and
Risk Factors………………………………………5

text-indent:0in;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"> mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";vertical-align:baseline">1.0.4   
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";vertical-align:baseline">Virulence
factors……………………………………………………...8

text-indent:0in;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"> mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";vertical-align:baseline">1.0.5   
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";vertical-align:baseline">Staphylococcal
infections…………………………………………....12

text-indent:0in;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"> mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";vertical-align:baseline">1.0.6   
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";vertical-align:baseline">Diagnosis…………………………………………………………….14

text-indent:0in;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"> mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";vertical-align:baseline">1.0.7   
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";vertical-align:baseline">Prevention and
control………………………………………………15

mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:0in;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"> mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";vertical-align:baseline">1.0.8   
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";vertical-align:baseline">Treatment and
management…………………………………………18

vertical-align:baseline"> 

mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:0in;mso-list:l0 level2 lfo1"> mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";vertical-align:baseline">1.1           
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";vertical-align:baseline">Introduction and
Literature review (Candida albicans)………………….19

mso-add-space:auto;text-indent:0in;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"> mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";vertical-align:baseline">1.1.1   
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";vertical-align:baseline">Historical
overview…………………………………………………..20

text-indent:0in;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"> mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";vertical-align:baseline">1.1.2   
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";vertical-align:baseline">Classification………………………………………………………....22

text-indent:0in;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"> mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";vertical-align:baseline">1.1.3   
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";vertical-align:baseline">Epidemiology and
risk factors………………………………………..23

text-indent:0in;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"> mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";vertical-align:baseline">1.1.4   
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";vertical-align:baseline">Signs and
symptoms………………………………………………….24

text-indent:0in;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"> mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";vertical-align:baseline">1.1.5   
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";vertical-align:baseline">Diagnosis……………………………………………………………..26

text-indent:0in;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"> mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";vertical-align:baseline">1.1.6   
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";vertical-align:baseline">Prevention and
control……………………………………………….27

text-indent:0in;mso-list:l0 level3 lfo1"> mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";vertical-align:baseline">1.1.7   
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";vertical-align:baseline">Treatment and
management…………………………………………..28

vertical-align:baseline"> 

vertical-align:baseline">1.2. ANTIMICROBIAL
THERAPY

vertical-align:baseline">1.2.0. Introduction……………………………………………………………29

vertical-align:baseline">1.2.1. History of Antibiotics…………………………………………………29

vertical-align:baseline">1.2.2. Classes of Antibiotics…………………………………………….........31

vertical-align:baseline">1.2.3. Penicillins……………………………………………………………...32  

vertical-align:baseline"> 1.2.4. Beta-lactamase Inhibitors……………………………………………...33

vertical-align:baseline">1.2.5. Aminoglycoside………………………………………………………..34

vertical-align:baseline">1.2.6. Chloramphenicol………………………………………………….........35                                  

vertical-align:baseline">   1.2.7.
Tetracycline…………………………………………………………….36

vertical-align:baseline">1.2.8. Septrin…………………………………………………………………..37

vertical-align:baseline">1.2.9. Macrolide………………………………………………………………..39

vertical-align:baseline">1.2.10. Quinolones……………………………………………………………..40

150%"> vertical-align:baseline">1.2.11. Cephalosporins…………………………………………………………42

150%"> vertical-align:baseline"> 1.3.  AIMS
AND normal">OBJECTIVES……………………………………………..............44

115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";vertical-align:baseline">CHAPTER TWO

vertical-align:baseline">2.0  Materials normal"> and Methods

vertical-align:baseline">2.1. Material used………………………………………………………..............45

vertical-align:baseline">2.2. Media used………………………………………………………………….45

vertical-align:baseline">2.3. Sterilization of materials……………………………………………………46

vertical-align:baseline">2.4. Collection of samples………………………………………………………46

vertical-align:baseline">2.5. Culture method……………………………………………………………..47

vertical-align:baseline">2.6. Preparation of antibiotics susceptibility
disc……………………………….48

vertical-align:baseline">2.7. Antimicrobial susceptibility test……………………………………………49

150%"> vertical-align:baseline">2.8. Antibiogram typing…………………………………………………………51

normal"> font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";vertical-align:baseline">CHAPTER THREE.

vertical-align:baseline">3.0. Results………………………………………………………………………52

115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";vertical-align:baseline">CHAPTER FOUR vertical-align:baseline">.

vertical-align:baseline">4.0. Discussion………………………………………………………………….58

vertical-align:baseline">4.1. Conclusion and Recommendation………………………………………….60

vertical-align:baseline"> References ……………………………………………………………………..61

115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";vertical-align:baseline">Appendix vertical-align:baseline"> one…………………………………………………………………...73

115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";vertical-align:baseline">Appendix vertical-align:baseline"> two
…………………………………………………………………..76

115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";vertical-align:baseline">Appendix vertical-align:baseline"> three………………………………………………………………….79

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normal"> vertical-align:baseline">LIST line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";vertical-align:baseline">
OF normal">TABLES AND FIGURES

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vertical-align:baseline">Table 1. 
Criteria used for the identification of normal">Staphylococcus aureus.

vertical-align:baseline">Table 2. 
Antibiogram types of  Staphylococcus normal">aureus isolated from healthy male students in Eguare Secondary
School, Ekpoma.

vertical-align:baseline">Table 3. Group cumulative frequency susceptibility
rate of isolated Staphylococcus aureus to grouped antibiotics at different
rates.

line-height:200%;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";vertical-align:baseline">Figure
1. frequency rate of antibiotic susceptibility of normal">Staphylococcus aureus isolated
from the nostrils in order of increasing rate.
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